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Can the type and placement of traps influence the capturability of marsupials according to their body weight? A case study with Didelphis albiventris and Gracilinanus agilis in central Brazil
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Claro, Hermes W. Parreira

; Bernardes-Dias, Ana Claudia

; Alves, Carolina

; Hannibal, Wellington

Zoologia (Curitiba)

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2024, Volume 41 elocation e23030

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

ABSTRACT Body weight and vertical stratum utilization are important functional characteristics of species. Several studies have explored the capture success of different traps. These studies, however, did not explore how trappability is influenced by body weight. Here, we investigated the relationship between the weight of marsupial species caught in traps with trap type (wire cage and Sherman) and trap placement (ground and understory). For this we used data from Didelphis albiventris Lund, 1840 (n = 127; 75-958 g) and Gracilinanus agilis (Burmeister, 1854) (n = 327; 8.5-46 g) captured in semideciduous forest fragments in central Brazil. The results show that heaviest individuals of D. albiventris (391.01 ± 197.57 g) were captured more often by wire cage traps, regardless of trap placement. In contrast, G. agilis was trapped at similar rates regardless of weight, trap type or trap placement. We conclude that wire cage traps are more efficient at catching large marsupials weighing more than 300 g on average. Furthermore, the size of the individuals captured is not influenced by where the trap is placed (ground or understory). These findings contribute to a better understanding of the natural history and trappability of Neotropical marsupials.

https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-4689.v41.e23030

Length-weight and length-length relationships of 10 fish species from headwater streams of the lower Iguassu River basin, Brazil
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Genovai, Natalia

; Maciel, Anderson Luís

; Piana, Pitágoras Augusto

; Gubiani, Éder André

Zoologia (Curitiba)

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2024, Volume 41 elocation e23025

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

ABSTRACT Length-weight (LWR) and length-length (LLR) relationships are widely used in management programs and monitoring of fish stocks. We estimated the LWR and LLR of 10 fish species sampled from nine streams of the lower reach of the Iguassu River Basin, Paraná, Brazil. All LWR fits were significant, with b values ranging from 2.37 to 3.62 and an average value of 3.07. Most species showed isometric growth. Significant differences in the LWR between sexes were observed only for Phalloceros harpagos Lucinda, 2008 in the Três Barras stream. All LLR fits were significant, with b values ranging from 0.98 to 1.25 and an average value of 1.15. Significant differences between sexes for the LLR were observed for Rhamdia voulezi Haseman, 1911 in the Arroio Passo Liso stream. First records of the LWR for four species - Ancistrus mullerae Bifi, Pavanelli & Zawadzki, 2009, Bryconamericus pyahu Azpelicueta, Casciotta & Almirón, 2003, Cambeva stawiarski (Miranda Ribeiro, 1968), and Cambeva taroba (Wosiacki & Garavello, 2004) - and the LLR for six species - A. mullerae, B. pyahu, C. davisi, C. stawiarski, C. taroba, and P. harpagos - and a new record of maximum standard length for two species - C. taroba and B. pyahu - are presented.

https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-4689.v41.e23025

Vertical stratification of Sphingidae moths (Lepidoptera: Bombycoidea: Sphingidae) in the Tapajós National Forest, Pará, Brazil
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Valente, Danúbia Marcela Pereira

; Teston, José Augusto

Zoologia (Curitiba)

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2024, Volume 41 elocation e23008

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

ABSTRACT The present study analyzed the vertical stratification of hawkmoths in an area of the Dense Ombrophylous Forest in the Amazon. The moths were captured through light traps with ultraviolet lamps F15 T12 LN installed in three strata (canopy, midstory, and understory) from 6 pm to 7 am, during the first quarter to new moon period, on three consecutive nights per month during May 2019 to February 2020, in the Tapajós National Forest located in the state of Pará, Brazil (02°51’23.3”S, 54°57’31.0”W). This study analyzed 33 species (S) and 775 specimens (N) of Sphingidae. The sphingofauna had a high concentration, mainly in the upper strata, with greater emphasis on richness (S = 28), abundance (N = 687), and Berger Parker dominance (BP = 0.72) found in the forest canopy. The canopy’s dominance stood out because the species Erinnyis ello (Linnaeus, 1758) was more abundant in this stratum (N = 492). PERMANOVA analysis indicated significant differences in all strata. Therefore, our study provided important information about the vertical distribution of moths, showing that their richness, abundance, and species composition are distinct between strata.

https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-4689.v41.e23008

How many species of Mollusca are there in Brazil? A collective taxonomic effort to reveal this still unknown diversity
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Machado, Fabrizio M.

; Miranda, Marcel S.

; Salvador, Rodrigo B.

; Pimenta, Alexandre D.

; Côrtes, Mariana O.

; Gomes, Jaime A.J.

; Miyahira, Igor C.

; Agudo-Padrón, Ignacio

; Oliveira, Cléo D.C.

; Caetano, Carlos H.S.

; Coelho, Paulo R.S.

; D’Ávila, Sthefane

; Arruda, Eliane P. de

; Almeida, Sérgio M. de

; Gomes, Suzete R.

; Alvim, Juliana

; Galvão-Filho, Hilton

; L. Ferreira-Júnior, Augusto

; Marques, Rodrigo C.

; Martins, Inês

; Souza, Leonardo S. de

; Arruda, Janine O.

; Cavallari, Daniel C.

; Santos, Sonia B. dos

; Pedro, Natan C.

; Salles, Anna C. de A.

; Dornellas, Ana P.S.

; Lima, Tarcilla C. de

; Amaral, Vanessa S. do

; Silva, Fernanda S.

; Passos, Flávio D.

; Thiengo, Silvana S.

; Leite, Tatiana S.

; Simone, Luiz R.L.

Zoologia (Curitiba)

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2023, Volume 40 elocation e23026

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

ABSTRACT The expression ‘you need to know to conserve’ is a well-known cliche among biologists. Documenting the richness of a group of organisms is the first step towards understanding biodiversity and preparing efficient conservation plans. In this context, many efforts have been made to quantify the number of species on Earth and estimate the number of species still unknown to science. A few countries have complete and integrated databases estimating the approximate number of species recorded for their territory, particularly in the Global South. In Brazil, a country of continental dimensions, revealing the richness of the second most diverse clade of invertebrates (=Mollusca) has been a goal of taxonomists. Recently, in an unprecedented, collective, and integrated effort among Brazilian malacologists, it was possible to estimate how many valid species of molluscs are there in Brazil. In this effort, more than 30 mollusc experts joined together to update the Taxonomic Catalogue of the Brazilian Fauna (TCBF), a governmental website that allows a quick and real-time updating of all Metazoan. So far, more than 5,000 updates have been made in TCBF, indicating the presence of 3,552 valid species of molluscs in Brazil, distributed among the main clades as follows: Caudofoveata (10 spp.), Solenogastres (6 spp.), Polyplacophora (35 spp.), Scaphopoda (43 spp.), Cephalopoda (92 spp.), Bivalvia (629 spp.) and Gastropoda (2,737 spp.). The present study, in addition to demonstrating for the first time the richness of Brazilian molluscs, also presents the state of the art of this important phylum of invertebrates highlighting its most representative and neglected groups.

https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-4689.v40.e23026

Did Azara discover Myotis simus or Myotis midastacus (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) at least a century before their formal description?
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Smith, Paul

Zoologia (Curitiba)

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2023, Volume 40 elocation e22046

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

ABSTRACT The true identity of the “Chauve-Souris Onzieme ou Chauve-Souris Cannelle” of Azara (1801) and the “LXXXII Murcielago Acanelado” of Azara (1802) has never been clarified. Though it has historically been associated with the Red Myotis, Myotis ruber (É. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, 1806), there are clear inconsistencies with that species. Unusual features of the description such as the position of the attachment of the wing membrane to the limbs confirm that the species described by Azara belongs to the Myotis simus Thomas, 1901 group. Two members of that group occur in Paraguay, from where Azara described his specimen: Myotis cf. simus and the recently described Myotis midastacus Moratelli & Wilson, 2014. Measurements and collection locality slightly favour its identity as the former, but it is not possible to conclusively state which of these species Azara had in his possession.

https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-4689.v40.e22046

Multiple colors in anteaters: review and description of chromatic disorders in Tamandua (Xenarthra: Pilosa) with reports of new and rare coat colorations
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Cotts, Leonardo

; Slifkin, Jonathan P.

; Moratelli, Ricardo

; Gonçalves, Lucas

; Rocha-Barbosa, Oscar

Zoologia (Curitiba)

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2023, Volume 40 elocation e22034

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

ABSTRACT Tamandua Gray, 1825 contains two species of anteaters: Tamandua mexicana (Saussure, 1860), which occurs in southern Mexico, throughout Central America and south to the west of the Andes in South America, and Tamandua tetradactyla (Linnaeus, 1758), widely distributed in South America, from Venezuela to northern Argentina, as well as Trinidad and Tobago. Historically, different coloration patterns have been attributed to the coat of Tamandua, with T. mexicana typically showing a partial or complete dark “vest” on the dorsal portion of the body, whereas T. tetradactyla can show a complete, partial, or absent vest and a coat varying from golden, pale yellow and pale gray to brown or black. These different coat colors are sometimes treated as inherent characteristics of subspecies of Tamandua. Here, we review color variation in Tamandua and describe six chromatic disorders for the genus: albinism, leucism, “brown” variation, melanism (partial and total), xanthochromism (partial and total) and, for the first time for anteaters, erythrism. In addition, we detail the morphological expression and geographic distribution of these anomalies in populations of Tamandua from Central and South America.

https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-4689.v40.e22034

Influence of color and brightness on ontogenetic shelter preference by the prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (Decapoda: Palaemonidae)
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Costa, Felipe Pernambuco da

; Arruda, Maria de Fátima

; Ribeiro, Karina

; Pessoa, Daniel Marques de Almeida

Zoologia (Curitiba)

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2023, Volume 40 elocation e22023

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

ABSTRACT The giant river prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man, 1879), is a species of great commercial importance. It is farmed under different conditions that translate to a great range of light environments, which impact their behavior and productivity. We present the first study employing both visual modeling and beha vioral data to evaluate the ontogenetic changes in color preferences of juveniles and adults of M. rosenbergii. We offered ten shelters of different colors to juveniles and adults and registered their preferences. Our results show that shelter preference changed with ontogeny: juveniles chose shelters based on chromaticity (preference for blue), while adults based their decisions on brightness (preference for dark grey). This preference adults show for dark colors is probably associated with light avoidance behavior. We recommend providing blue shelters for juveniles and dark shelters for adults.

https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-4689.v40.e22023

Studies of Brazilian birds along altitudinal gradients: a critical review
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Schunck, Fabio

; Silveira, Luís Fábio

; Candia-Gallardo, Carlos

Zoologia (Curitiba)

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2023, Volume 40 elocation e22036

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

ABSTRACT Brazil is home to many mountain ranges which harbor diverse avifauna. However, studies on the altitudinal distribution of Brazilian birds are still few and many have never been published, hampering both the dissemination of basic information and conservation actions. Here we present a critical review of ornithological studies undertaken in Brazilian mountain ranges, and propose a classification of geographic scope, altitudinal gradient, and methodology. Since 1922, 184 ornithological studies included altitude in some way in Brazil, encompassing a variety of research topics and species. About a quarter of these studies were never published in peer-reviewed journals, and 39% do not provide basic data on elevation nor link the bird species with sampling plots, thus limiting their applicability. The majority of studies are concentrated (83%) in southern and southeastern Brazil, especially in the Serra do Mar range, and so most data are associated with the Atlantic Forest. Gaps remain in other regions, such as Amazonia (Pantepui region). Most studies either did not sample the entire elevation gradient, were not standardized, lacked explicit hypothesis, or did not account for a seasonal sampling embracing the four seasons of the year, so interpretation of the observed patterns remains difficult. With this compilation, we organize the available information and point to future altitudinal research on birds, in addition to highlighting the importance of preserving habitats along altitudinal gradients in the mountainous regions in Brazil.

https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-4689.v40.e22036

Length-weight relationship, sex ratio, and diet of three fish species (Actinopterygii: Teleostei) in streams of the Pomba River basin, Paraíba do Sul river drainage, Southeastern Brazil
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Costa, Igor David

; Nunes, Natalia Neto Santos

; Zalmon, Ilana Rosental

Zoologia (Curitiba)

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2023, Volume 40 elocation e22040

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

ABSTRACT This study aimed to estimate the parameters of length-weight relationship, sex ratio, and diet of three freshwater fish species that inhabit streams in the Pomba River basin (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). Fishes were sampled with seine nets (2.0 × 1.20 m, 2 mm mesh size) and dip nets (0.46 × 0.33 m, 2 mm mesh size) from October to December 2018. Measurements were taken for total length (TL - 0.1 cm precision) and total weight (TW - 0.01 g precision). Growth model parameters were estimated. This study provides new length-weight relationship data for Deuterodon intermedius (Eigenmann, 1908), Australoheros paraibae Ottoni & Costa, 2008, and Hypostomus punctatus Valenciennes, 1840. All of them ingested a wide variety of food items, including plant material like algae, animal material such as terrestrial and aquatic insects, and undefined matter such as detritus or mud. The three species showed a higher number of females. Our study provides basic information for functional diversity studies, as well as for future investigations associated with the evaluation of anthropic impacts, either occasional or chronic, on the fish assemblage structure of the Pomba River basin.

https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-4689.v40.e22040

10.

Seasonal altitudinal movements of birds in Brazil: a review
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Schunck, Fabio

; Silveira, Luís Fábio

; Candia-Gallardo, Carlos

Zoologia (Curitiba)

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2023, Volume 40 elocation e22037

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

ABSTRACT Birds’ seasonal altitudinal movements in Brazil are poorly understood. The main source of information and has fostered interest since the 1980s. However, most of the available information is anecdotal, sources are repeatedly cited, and the information provided is quite superficial and speculative. Through bibliographic searches, we found 107 studies, 83 (77%) of which we consider valid, and only 63 (59%) were peer-reviewed. Most studies were carried out in southern and southeastern Brazil. Only 11 studies explicitly addressed seasonal altitudinal movements. Surprisingly, none of the studies simultaneously comprised a full year of study, standardized sampling methods, and encompassed the entire altitudinal range through which the birds might have moved. As a consequence, the quality of the data is questionable, and the expression “altitudinal migration” is unlikely to be accurate and has never been unequivocally demonstrated for birds in Brazil. Mention of “altitudinal migration” was found for 68 bird species, but these must be more clearly defined and appropriately tested.

https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-4689.v40.e22037

11.

Cave-dwelling gastropods (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Brazil, state of the art and conservation: a critical review
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Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes

; Souza-Silva, Marconi

; Zampaulo, Robson de Almeida

Zoologia (Curitiba)

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2023, Volume 40 elocation e22057

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

ABSTRACT In 2022, Salvador and co-authors published an up-to-date list of gastropod species recorded from Brazilian caves. That list included 18 species (15 land and three freshwater species) that were considered by the authors to be restricted to caves (troglobitic). In this contribution we argue that only six of the species listed by them as truly troglobites can be classified in that category. We disagree with some characteristics listed by Salvador and co-authors to diagnose the species they classify as cave-restricted and argue that those species do not have truly troglomorphic traits (characteristic of subterranean habitats). Since the Brazilian legislation considers the degree of association with caves as a decisive attribute to preserve them, it is important to clarify the characteristics are sufficient and necessary for a species to be classified as cave-dependent.

https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-4689.v40.e22057

12.

Taxonomic re-evaluation of New World Eptesicus and Histiotus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae), with the description of a new genus
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Cláudio, Vinícius C.

; Novaes, Roberto L.M.

; Gardner, Alfred L.

; Nogueira, Marcelo R.

; Wilson, Don E.

; Maldonado, Jesús E.

; Oliveira, João A.

; Moratelli, Ricardo

Zoologia (Curitiba)

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2023, Volume 40 elocation e22029

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

ABSTRACT Eptesicus Rafinesque, 1820 is widely distributed in the Old and New World (26 species), and Histiotus Gervais, 1856 is a South American endemic (11 species). Molecular phylogenies have recovered Eptesicus (sensu lato) as polyphyletic, with New World Eptesicus and the sister genus Histiotus in a paraphyletic American clade sister to Old World Eptesicus. Based on these phylogenetic reconstructions, authors have treated Histiotus as either a subgenus of Eptesicus or restricted Eptesicus to the New World species, treating Histiotus as a full genus, and using the name Cnephaeus Kaup, 1829 at the generic rank to comprise Old World Eptesicus. Based on recently published molecular studies, and on novel qualitative and quantitative morphological comparisons of representatives of Histiotus and New and Old World Eptesicus, we provide evidence for restricting the name Eptesicus to the species E. fuscus (Palisot de Beauvois, 1796) and E. guadeloupensis Genoways & Baker, 1975, allocating the remaining New World species under a new genus, keeping Histiotus as a full genus, and raising Cnephaeus to generic rank to comprise all Old World taxa currently under Eptesicus. This arrangement resolves the paraphyly of New World Eptesicus, and promotes taxonomic stability for Histiotus, which is a well-established genus of easily recognizable Neotropical bats and treated separate from Eptesicus by most authorities.

https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-4689.v40.e22029

13.

Morphology of the arthrodial membrane gland in a Neotropical harvester (Arachnida: Opiliones)
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Silva, Norton Felipe dos Santos

; Mailho-Fontana, Pedro Luiz

; da Silva-Junior, Pedro Ismael

; Silva, José Roberto Machado Cunha da

; Willemart, Rodrigo Hirata

Zoologia (Curitiba)

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2023, Volume 40 elocation e22056

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

ABSTRACT We describe a gland in the arthrodial membrane of the coxa-trochanter articulation in the fourth pair of legs in the Neotropical harvester Mischonyx squalidus Bertkau, 1880. Externally the glandular area has a rough appearance with pores on its surface, with folds of the arthrodial membrane. Internally, its secretory cells have spherical secretory vesicles, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and ducts that exit from the cells and cross the arthrodial membrane. Histochemical tests indicate the presence of proteins and neutral glycoproteins. The function of the gland might be to produce lubricating products that allow better movement of the coxa-trochanter region.

https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-4689.v40.e22056

14.

Two new species of Vitalius (Araneae: Theraphosidae) from the restingas of the states of Rio de Janeiro, Bahia and Sergipe, Brazil
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Bertani, Rogério

Zoologia (Curitiba)

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2023, Volume 40 elocation e23001

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

ABSTRACT Brazil is the country with the most diverse tarantula (Theraphosidae) fauna, having 215 described species. Vitalius Lucas, Silva Júnior & Bertani, 1993 is one of the most diverse and common genera in Southern, Southeastern and Central-West regions of Brazil with ten described species. Individuals of Vitalius species are large and widespread in areas of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. A single species is known to occur in areas of Cerrado vegetation. Herein, two new species are described from areas of restinga, coastal areas typically with low vegetation and sandy soil, in the coast of the states of Rio de Janeiro (Vitalius restinga sp. nov.), Bahia and Sergipe (Vitalius sapiranga sp. nov.). Males and females of these two new species have a much longer than wide sternum. Males have a short apical keel in the male palpal bulb. The two species can be distinguished by embolus width, slender in V. restinga sp. nov. and thicker in V. sapiranga sp. nov. Females can be distinguished by the spermathecae shape, slender in V. restinga sp. nov. and broader in V. sapiranga sp. nov. These are the first known theraphosids endemic to Brazilian Atlantic Coast restingas. Biological data indicate V. sapiranga sp. nov. and maybe V. restinga sp. nov. commonly use bromeliads as retreats. It is herein hypothesized they are sister species occupying similar habitats in Brazilian coast, but separated by ca. 1,000 kilometers.

https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-4689.v40.e23001

15.

Contribution to the knowledge of Brazilian troglobitic Pseudoscorpiones (Arachnida): description of Pseudochthonius lubueno sp. nov. (Chthoniidae) from Serra do Ramalho karst area, state of Bahia, Brazil
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Assis, Leonardo de

; von Schimonsky, Diego Monteiro

; Gallão, Jonas Eduardo

; Bichuette, Maria Elina

Zoologia (Curitiba)

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2023, Volume 40 elocation e22048

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

ABSTRACT Pseudochthonius lubueno sp. nov., a new obligatory cave-dwelling pseudoscorpion species is described from Gruna da Altina cave, the fifth species of the genus in the region of Serra do Ramalho karst area, southwestern Bahia, Brazil. This genus occurs in South and Central America, sub-Saharan central Africa, and in the Arabian Peninsula. The new species can be identified by the following combination of characters: eyes or eyespots absent, coxa I with two and coxa II with 4-5 coxal spines, without microdenticles on the fixed pedipalpal finger, rallum with five blades, ratio ist-est/ist-esb = 1.9. With this new description, the genus now includes 15 species from Brazil: P. biseriatus Mahnert, 2001, P. brasiliensis Beier, 1970, P. diamachi Prado & Ferreira, 2023, P. gracilimanus Mahnert, 2001, P. heterodentatus Hoff, 1946, P. homodentatus Chamberlin, 1929, P. koinopoliteia Prado & Ferreira, 2023, P. lubueno sp. nov., P. orthodactylus Muchmore, 1970, P. olegario Schimons ky, 2022, P. pali Prado & Ferreira, 2023, P. ramalho Assis, Schimonsky & Bichuette, 2021, P. ricardoi Mahnert, 2001, P. strinatii Beier, 1969 and P. tuxeni Mahnert, 1979. The new species shows troglomorphic characteristics such as the depigmentation of the carapace and the absence of eyes. In addition, illustrations, diagnoses, an identification key for cave-dwelling species of the genus, and distribution maps for all Brazilian species of Pseudochthonius are provided.

https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-4689.v40.e22048

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